NAME
    BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux

SYNTAX
     busybox <applet> [arguments...]  # or

     <applet> [arguments...]          # if symlinked

DESCRIPTION
    BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a
    single small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of
    the utilities you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The
    utilities in BusyBox generally have fewer options than their
    full-featured GNU cousins; however, the options that are included
    provide the expected functionality and behave very much like their GNU
    counterparts.

    BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in
    mind. It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude
    commands (or features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize
    your embedded systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc,
    and a Linux kernel. BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment
    for any small or embedded system.

    BusyBox is extremely configurable. This allows you to include only the
    components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or
    'make menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.
    Then run 'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.

    After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
    BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target
    directory specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when
    configuring BusyBox, or you can specify an alternative location at
    install time (i.e., with a command line like 'make
    CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled any applet installation
    scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will also be installed
    in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.

USAGE
    BusyBox is a multi-call binary. A multi-call binary is an executable
    program that performs the same job as more than one utility program.
    That means there is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary
    acts like a large number of utilities. This allows BusyBox to be smaller
    since all the built-in utility programs (we call them applets) can share
    code for many common operations.

    You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
    command line. For example, entering

            /bin/busybox ls

    will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.

    Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful. So
    most people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.

    For example, entering

            ln -s /bin/busybox ls
            ./ls

    will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been
    compiled into BusyBox). Generally speaking, you should never need to
    make all these links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this
    for you when you run the 'make install' command.

    If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list
    of the applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.

COMMON OPTIONS
    Most BusyBox applets support the --help argument to provide a terse
    runtime description of their behavior. If the
    CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has been enabled, more detailed
    usage information will also be available.

COMMANDS
    Currently available applets include:

            [, [[, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arp, arping, ash, awk, basename,
            bbconfig, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown,
            chroot, cksum, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack,
            cut, date, dc, dd, delgroup, deluser, depmod, df, dhcprelay, diff,
            dirname, dmesg, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, du, dumpleases, echo,
            egrep, env, expand, expr, false, fbset, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep,
            find, flash_eraseall, flash_lock, flash_unlock, flashcp, flock,
            fold, free, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, gunzip,
            gzip, halt, hd, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hwclock, id,
            ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, init, insmod, install, ipcalc, kill,
            killall, killall5, klogd, length, less, ln, loadkmap, logger, login,
            logname, losetup, ls, lsmod, lsusb, makedevs, md5sum, mdev, mkdir,
            mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.vfat, mknod, mkpasswd,
            mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mv, nc, netstat,
            nice, nohup, nslookup, ntpd, od, passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping,
            pkill, poweroff, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pwd, rdate, readahead,
            readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, renice, reset, resize, rev,
            rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, run-parts, sed, seq, setconsole,
            setlogcons, setsid, sh, sha1sum, sleep, sort, split,
            start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum,
            switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac, tail, tar, tcpsvd, tee,
            telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time, top, touch, tr, true, tty,
            ttysize, tune2fs, ubiattach, ubidetach, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd,
            umount, uname, uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unxz, unzip,
            uptime, usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vi, watch, wc, wget, which, who,
            whoami, xargs, xz, xzcat, yes, zcat

COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS
    addgroup
        addgroup [-g GID] [USER] GROUP

        Add a group or add a user to a group

        Options:

                -g GID  Group id
                -S      Create a system group

    adduser
        adduser [OPTIONS] USER

        Add a user

        Options:

                -h DIR          Home directory
                -g GECOS        GECOS field
                -s SHELL        Login shell
                -G GRP          Add user to existing group
                -S              Create a system user
                -D              Don't assign a password
                -H              Don't create home directory
                -u UID          User id

    adjtimex
        adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]

        Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See adjtimex(2)

        Options:

                -q      Quiet
                -o OFF  Time offset, microseconds
                -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
                        (positive values make clock run faster)
                -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
                -p TCONST

    arp arp [-vn] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME] [-v] [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME
        [pub] [-v] [-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp] [-v] [-H
        HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub [-v] [-H
        HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub

        Manipulate ARP cache

        Options:

                -a              Display (all) hosts
                -s              Set new ARP entry
                -d              Delete a specified entry
                -v              Verbose
                -n              Don't resolve names
                -i IF           Network interface
                -D              Read <hwaddr> from given device
                -A, -p AF       Protocol family
                -H HWTYPE       Hardware address type

    arping
        arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP

        Send ARP requests/replies

        Options:

                -f              Quit on first ARP reply
                -q              Quiet
                -b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
                -D              Duplicated address detection mode
                -U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
                -A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
                -c N            Stop after sending N ARP requests
                -w TIMEOUT      Time to wait for ARP reply, seconds
                -I IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
                -s SRC_IP       Sender IP address
                DST_IP          Target IP address

    awk awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...

        Options:

                -v VAR=VAL      Set variable
                -F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
                -f FILE         Read program from FILE

    basename
        basename FILE [SUFFIX]

        Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE

    bbconfig
        bbconfig

        Print the config file used by busybox build

    bunzip2
        bunzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILEs (or stdin)

        Options:

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    bzcat
        bzcat FILE

        Decompress to stdout

    bzip2
        bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm

        Options:

                -1..9   Compression level
                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    cal cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]

        Display a calendar

        Options:

                -j      Use julian dates
                -y      Display the entire year

    cat cat [FILE]...

        Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout

    chgrp
        chgrp [-RhLHP]... GROUP FILE...

        Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP

        Options:

                -R      Recurse
                -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
                -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
                -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
                -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)

    chmod
        chmod [-R] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...

        Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the symbols +-=
        and one or more of the letters rwxst

        Options:

                -R      Recurse

    chown
        chown [-RhLHP]... OWNER[<.|:>[GROUP]] FILE...

        Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP

        Options:

                -R      Recurse
                -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
                -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
                -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
                -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)

    chroot
        chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]

        Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT

    cksum
        cksum FILES...

        Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILES

    clear
        clear

        Clear screen

    cmp cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2]

        Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)

        Options:

                -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                        for all differing bytes
                -s      Quiet

    cp  cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE DEST

        Copy SOURCE to DEST, or multiple SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

        Options:

                -a      Same as -dpR
                -R,-r   Recurse
                -d,-P   Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
                -L      Follow all symlinks
                -H      Follow symlinks on command line
                -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
                -f      Overwrite
                -i      Prompt before overwrite
                -l,-s   Create (sym)links

    crond
        crond -fbS -l N -L LOGFILE -c DIR

                -f      Foreground
                -b      Background (default)
                -S      Log to syslog (default)
                -l      Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8
                -L      Log to file
                -c      Working dir

    crontab
        crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]

                -c      Crontab directory
                -u      User
                -l      List crontab
                -e      Edit crontab
                -r      Delete crontab
                FILE    Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)

    cryptpw
        cryptpw [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]

        Crypt the PASSWORD using crypt(3)

        Options:

                -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
                -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method TYPE
                -S,--salt=SALT

    cttyhack
        cttyhack PROG ARGS

        Give PROG a controlling tty if possible. Example for /etc/inittab
        (for busybox init): ::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh Giving
        controlling tty to shell running with PID 1: $ exec cttyhack sh
        Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:

                setsid cttyhack sh

    cut cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout

        Options:

                -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
                -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
                -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
                -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
                -f N    Print only these fields
                -n      Ignored

    date
        date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]

        Display time (using +FMT), or set time

        Options:

                [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
                -u,--utc        Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
                -R,--rfc-2822   Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
                -I[SPEC]        Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
                                SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
                                'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
                                time to the indicated precision
                -r,--reference FILE     Display last modification time of FILE
                -d,--date TIME  Display TIME, not 'now'
                -D FMT          Use FMT for -d TIME conversion

        Recognized TIME formats:

                hh:mm[:ss]
                [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
                YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
                [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]

    dc  dc expression...

        Tiny RPN calculator. Operations: +, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %,
        mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor, p - print top of the stack (without
        altering the stack), f - print entire stack, o - pop the value and
        set output radix (value must be 10 or 16). Examples: 'dc 2 2 add' ->
        4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + /' -> 16

    dd  dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
        [seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]

        Copy a file with converting and formatting

        Options:

                if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
                of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
                bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
                ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
                obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
                count=N         Copy only N input blocks
                skip=N          Skip N input blocks
                seek=N          Skip N output blocks
                conv=notrunc    Don't truncate output file
                conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
                conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
                conv=fsync      Physically write data out before finishing

        Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k
        (x1024), MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G
        (x1073741824)

    delgroup
        delgroup [USER] GROUP

        Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP

    deluser
        deluser USER

        Delete USER from the system

    df  df [-Pkmhai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...

        Print filesystem usage statistics

        Options:

                -P      POSIX output format
                -k      1024-byte blocks (default)
                -m      1M-byte blocks
                -h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
                -a      Show all filesystems
                -i      Inodes
                -B SIZE Blocksize

    dhcprelay
        dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]

        Relay DHCP requests between clients and server

    diff
        diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2

        Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
        This implementation supports unified diffs only.

        Options:

                -a      Treat all files as text
                -b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
                -B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
                -d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
                -i      Ignore case differences
                -L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
                -N      Treat absent files as empty
                -q      Output only whether files differ
                -r      Recurse
                -S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
                -T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
                -s      Report when two files are the same
                -t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
                -U      Output LINES lines of context
                -w      Ignore all whitespace

    dirname
        dirname FILENAME

        Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME

    dmesg
        dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]

        Print or control the kernel ring buffer

        Options:

                -c              Clear ring buffer after printing
                -n LEVEL        Set console logging level
                -s SIZE         Buffer size

    dos2unix
        dos2unix [OPTIONS] [FILE]

        Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format. When no file is
        given, use stdin/stdout.

        Options:

                -u      dos2unix
                -d      unix2dos

    du  du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...

        Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory. Disk space
        is printed in units of 1024 bytes.

        Options:

                -a      Show file sizes too
                -L      Follow all symlinks
                -H      Follow symlinks on command line
                -d N    Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth < N
                -c      Show grand total
                -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
                -s      Display only a total for each argument
                -x      Skip directories on different filesystems
                -h      Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
                -m      Sizes in megabytes
                -k      Sizes in kilobytes (default)

    dumpleases
        dumpleases [-r|-a] [-f LEASEFILE]

        Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd

        Options:

                -f,--file=FILE  Lease file
                -r,--remaining  Show remaining time
                -a,--absolute   Show expiration time

    echo
        echo [-neE] [ARG]...

        Print the specified ARGs to stdout

        Options:

                -n      Suppress trailing newline
                -e      Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
                -E      Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)

    env env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]

        Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up the
        specified environment

        Options:

                -, -i   Start with an empty environment
                -u      Remove variable from the environment

    expand
        expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...

        Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout

        Options:

                -i,--initial    Don't convert tabs after non blanks
                -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars

    expr
        expr EXPRESSION

        Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout

        EXPRESSION may be:

                ARG1 | ARG2     ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
                ARG1 & ARG2     ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
                ARG1 < ARG2     1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
                ARG1 <= ARG2
                ARG1 = ARG2
                ARG1 != ARG2
                ARG1 >= ARG2
                ARG1 > ARG2
                ARG1 + ARG2     Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
                ARG1 - ARG2
                ARG1 * ARG2
                ARG1 / ARG2
                ARG1 % ARG2
                STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
                match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
                substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
                index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
                length STRING           Length of STRING
                quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
                                        it is a keyword like 'match' or an
                                        operator like '/'
                (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION

        Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
        Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
        lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
        \( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
        of characters matched or 0.

    false
        false

        Return an exit code of FALSE (1)

    fbset
        fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]

        Show and modify frame buffer settings

    fdisk
        fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK

        Change partition table

        Options:

                -u              Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
                -l              Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
                -b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
                -C CYLINDERS    Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
                -H HEADS
                -S SECTORS

    fgconsole
        fgconsole

        Get active console

    find
        find [PATH]... [EXPRESSION]

        Search for files. The default PATH is the current directory, default
        EXPRESSION is '-print'

        EXPRESSION may consist of:

                -follow         Follow symlinks
                -xdev           Don't descend directories on other filesystems
                -maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
                                tests/actions to command line arguments only
                -mindepth N     Don't act on first N levels
                -name PATTERN   File name (w/o directory name) matches PATTERN
                -iname PATTERN  Case insensitive -name
                -path PATTERN   Path matches PATTERN
                -regex PATTERN  Path matches regex PATTERN
                -type X         File type is X (X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
                -perm NNN       Permissions match any of (+NNN), all of (-NNN),
                                or exactly NNN
                -mtime DAYS     Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N days
                -mmin MINS      Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N minutes
                -newer FILE     Modified time is more recent than FILE's
                -inum N         File has inode number N
                -user NAME      File is owned by user NAME (numeric user ID allowed)
                -group NAME     File belongs to group NAME (numeric group ID allowed)
                -depth          Process directory name after traversing it
                -size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
                                +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
                -links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                                or exactly N
                -print          Print (default and assumed)
                -print0         Delimit output with null characters rather than
                                newlines
                -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the
                                matching files
                -prune          Stop traversing current subtree
                -delete         Delete files, turns on -depth option
                (EXPR)          Group an expression

    flash_eraseall
        flash_eraseall [-jq] MTD_DEVICE

        Erase an MTD device

        Options:

                -j      Format the device for jffs2
                -q      Don't display progress messages

    flash_lock
        flash_lock MTD_DEVICE OFFSET SECTORS

        Lock part or all of an MTD device. If SECTORS is -1, then all
        sectors will be locked, regardless of the value of OFFSET

    flash_unlock
        flash_unlock MTD_DEVICE

        Unlock an MTD device

    flashcp
        flashcp -v FILE MTD_DEVICE

        Copy an image to MTD device

        Options:

                -v      Verbose

    flock
        flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}

        [Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG

        Options:

                -s      Shared lock
                -x      Exclusive lock (default)
                -u      Unlock FD
                -n      Fail rather than wait

    fold
        fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...

        Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout

        Options:

                -b      Count bytes rather than columns
                -s      Break at spaces
                -w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80

    free
        free

        Display the amount of free and used system memory

    ftpget
        ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE

        Retrieve a remote file via FTP

        Options:

                -c,--continue   Continue previous transfer
                -v,--verbose    Verbose
                -u,--username   Username
                -p,--password   Password
                -P,--port       Port number

    ftpput
        ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE

        Store a local file on a remote machine via FTP

        Options:

                -v,--verbose    Verbose
                -u,--username   Username
                -p,--password   Password
                -P,--port       Port number

    fuser
        fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO

        Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs

        Options:

                -m      Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
                -4      Search only IPv4 space
                -6      Search only IPv6 space
                -s      Don't display PIDs
                -k      Kill found processes
                -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)

    getopt
        getopt [OPTIONS]

        Options:

                -a,--alternative                Allow long options starting with single -
                -l,--longoptions=longopts       Long options to be recognized
                -n,--name=progname              The name under which errors are reported
                -o,--options=optstring          Short options to be recognized
                -q,--quiet                      Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
                -Q,--quiet-output               No normal output
                -s,--shell=shell                Set shell quoting conventions
                -T,--test                       Test for getopt(1) version
                -u,--unquoted                   Don't quote the output

    getty
        getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE TTY [TERMTYPE]

        Open a tty, prompt for a login name, then invoke /bin/login

        Options:

                -h              Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control
                -i              Don't display /etc/issue before running login
                -L              Local line, don't do carrier detect
                -m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
                -w              Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
                -n              Don't prompt the user for a login name
                -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
                -l LOGIN        Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
                -t SEC          Terminate after SEC if no username is read
                -I INITSTR      Send INITSTR before anything else
                -H HOST         Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname

    grep
        grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f
        FILE [FILE]...

        Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)

        Options:

                -H      Add 'filename:' prefix
                -h      Do not add 'filename:' prefix
                -n      Add 'line_no:' prefix
                -l      Show only names of files that match
                -L      Show only names of files that don't match
                -c      Show only count of matching lines
                -o      Show only the matching part of line
                -q      Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
                -v      Select non-matching lines
                -s      Suppress open and read errors
                -r      Recurse
                -i      Ignore case
                -w      Match whole words only
                -F      PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
                -E      PATTERN is an extended regexp
                -m N    Match up to N times per file
                -A N    Print N lines of trailing context
                -B N    Print N lines of leading context
                -C N    Same as '-A N -B N'
                -e PTRN Pattern to match
                -f FILE Read pattern from file

    gunzip
        gunzip [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILEs (or stdin)

        Options:

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force
                -t      Test file integrity

    gzip
        gzip [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Compress FILEs (or stdin)

        Options:

                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    halt
        halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Halt the system

        Options:

                -d      Delay interval for halting
                -n      No call to sync()
                -f      Force halt (don't go through init)

    hd  hd FILE...

        hd is an alias for hexdump -C

    head
        head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
        than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.

        Options:

                -n N[kbm]       Print first N lines
                -c N[kbm]       Print first N bytes
                -q              Never print headers
                -v              Always print headers

        N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).

    hexdump
        hexdump [-bcCdefnosvx] [FILE]...

        Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format

        Options:

                -b              One-byte octal display
                -c              One-byte character display
                -C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
                -d              Two-byte decimal display
                -e FORMAT STRING
                -f FORMAT FILE
                -n LENGTH       Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
                -o              Two-byte octal display
                -s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
                -v              Display all input data
                -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display

    hostid
        hostid

        Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine

    hostname
        hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]

        Get or set hostname or DNS domain name

        Options:

                -s      Short
                -i      Addresses for the hostname
                -d      DNS domain name
                -f      Fully qualified domain name
                -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname

    httpd
        httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r
        REALM] [-h HOME] or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING

        Listen for incoming HTTP requests

        Options:

                -i              Inetd mode
                -f              Don't daemonize
                -v[v]           Verbose
                -p [IP:]PORT    Bind to ip:port (default *:80)
                -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
                -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
                -h HOME         Home directory (default .)
                -c FILE         Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
                -m STRING       MD5 crypt STRING
                -e STRING       HTML encode STRING
                -d STRING       URL decode STRING

    hwclock
        hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-l|--localtime]
        [-u|--utc] [-f FILE]

        Query and set hardware clock (RTC)

        Options:

                -r      Show hardware clock time
                -s      Set system time from hardware clock
                -w      Set hardware clock to system time
                -u      Hardware clock is in UTC
                -l      Hardware clock is in local time
                -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)

    id  id [OPTIONS] [USER]

        Print information about USER or the current user

        Options:

                -u      Print user ID
                -g      Print group ID
                -G      Print supplementary group IDs
                -n      Print name instead of a number
                -r      Print real user ID instead of effective ID

    ifconfig
        ifconfig [-a] interface [address]

        Configure a network interface

        Options:

                [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
                [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
                [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
                [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
                [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
                [up|down] ...

    ifdown
        ifdown [-ainvf] ifaces...

        Options:

                -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
                -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
                -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
                -f      Force de/configuration

    ifup
        ifup [-ainvf] IFACE...

        Options:

                -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
                -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
                -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
                -f      Force de/configuration

    init
        init

        Init is the parent of all processes

    insmod
        insmod FILE [symbol=value]...

        Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel

    install
        install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [SOURCE]... DEST

        Copy files and set attributes

        Options:

                -c      Just copy (default)
                -d      Create directories
                -D      Create leading target directories
                -s      Strip symbol table
                -p      Preserve date
                -o USER Set ownership
                -g GRP  Set group ownership
                -m MODE Set permissions

    ipcalc
        ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK]

        Calculate IP network settings from a IP address

        Options:

                -b,--broadcast  Display calculated broadcast address
                -n,--network    Display calculated network address
                -m,--netmask    Display default netmask for IP
                -p,--prefix     Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
                -h,--hostname   Display first resolved host name
                -s,--silent     Don't ever display error messages

    kill
        kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers

    killall
        killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers
                -q      Don't complain if no processes were killed

    killall5
        killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...

        Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current
        session

        Options:

                -l      List all signal names and numbers
                -o PID  Don't signal this PID

    klogd
        klogd [-c N] [-n]

        Kernel logger

        Options:

                -c N    Only messages with level < N are printed to console
                -n      Run in foreground

    length
        length STRING

        Print STRING's length

    less
        less [-EMNmh~I?] [FILE]...

        View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time

        Options:

                -E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
                -M,-m   Display status line with line numbers
                        and percentage through the file
                -N      Prefix line number to each line
                -I      Ignore case in all searches
                -~      Suppress ~s displayed past the end of the file

    ln  ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR

        Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)

        Options:

                -s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
                -f      Remove existing destinations
                -n      Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
                -b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
                -S suf  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files

    loadkmap
        loadkmap < keymap

        Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin

    logger
        logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]

        Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog

        Options:

                -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
                -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
                -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)

    login
        login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]

        Begin a new session on the system

        Options:

                -f      Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
                -h      Name of the remote host
                -p      Preserve environment

    logname
        logname

        Print the name of the current user

    losetup
        losetup [-o OFS] LOOPDEV FILE - associate loop devices losetup -d
        LOOPDEV - disassociate losetup [-f] - show

        Options:

                -o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
                -f      Show first free loop device

    ls  ls [-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhk] [FILE]...

        List directory contents

        Options:

                -1      List in a single column
                -A      Don't list . and ..
                -a      Don't hide entries starting with .
                -C      List by columns
                -c      With -l: sort by ctime
                -d      List directory entries instead of contents
                -e      List full date and time
                -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
                -i      List inode numbers
                -l      Long listing format
                -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
                -p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
                -L      List entries pointed to by symlinks
                -R      Recurse
                -r      Sort in reverse order
                -S      Sort by file size
                -s      List the size of each file, in blocks
                -T N    Assume tabstop every N columns
                -t      With -l: sort by modification time
                -u      With -l: sort by access time
                -v      Sort by version
                -w N    Assume the terminal is N columns wide
                -x      List by lines
                -X      Sort by extension
                -h      List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G)

    lsmod
        lsmod

        List the currently loaded kernel modules

    makedevs
        makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir

        Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
        Device table entries take the form of:

        <type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc> <count>
        Where name is the file name, type can be one of: f Regular file d
        Directory c Character device b Block device p Fifo (named pipe) uid
        is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the
        target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to to
        device special files. A '-' may be used for blank entries.

    md5sum
        md5sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]... or: md5sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]

        Print or check MD5 checksums

        Options:

                -c      Check sums against given list
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    mdev
        mdev [-s]

                -s      Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot

        It can be run by kernel as a hotplug helper. To activate it: echo
        /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug It uses /etc/mdev.conf with
        lines [-]DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [>|=PATH] [@|$|*PROG]

    mkdir
        mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...

        Create DIRECTORY

        Options:

                -m      Mode
                -p      No error if exists; make parent directories as needed

    mkdosfs
        mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Make a FAT32 filesystem

        Options:

                -v      Verbose
                -n LBL  Volume label

    mke2fs
        mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
        RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

                -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
                -F              Force
                -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
                -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
                -L LBL          Volume label
                -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
                -n              Dry run

    mkfifo
        mkfifo [OPTIONS] name

        Create named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')

        Options:

                -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)

    mkfs.ext2
        mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m
        RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

                -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
                -F              Force
                -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
                -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
                -L LBL          Volume label
                -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
                -n              Dry run

    mkfs.vfat
        mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]

        Make a FAT32 filesystem

        Options:

                -v      Verbose
                -n LBL  Volume label

    mknod
        mknod [OPTIONS] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR

        Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)

        Options:

                -m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
        TYPEs include:

                b:      Make a block device
                c or u: Make a character device
                p:      Make a named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)

    mkpasswd
        mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]

        Crypt the PASSWORD using crypt(3)

        Options:

                -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
                -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method TYPE
                -S,--salt=SALT

    mktemp
        mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]

        Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its
        name. TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).

        Options:

                -d      Make a directory instead of a file
                -t      Generate a path rooted in temporary directory
                -p DIR  Use DIR as a temporary directory (implies -t)

        For -t or -p, directory is chosen as follows: $TMPDIR if set, else
        -p DIR, else /tmp

    modinfo
        modinfo [-adlp0] [-F keyword] MODULE

        Options:

                -a              Shortcut for '-F author'
                -d              Shortcut for '-F description'
                -l              Shortcut for '-F license'
                -p              Shortcut for '-F parm'
                -F keyword      Keyword to look for
                -0              Separate output with NULs

    modprobe
        modprobe [-alrqvs] MODULE [symbol=value]...

        Options:

                -a      Load multiple MODULEs
                -l      List (MODULE is a pattern)
                -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
                -q      Quiet
                -v      Verbose
                -s      Log to syslog

    more
        more [FILE]...

        View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time

    mount
        mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPTS] DEVICE NODE

        Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.

        Options:

                -a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
                -f              Dry run
                -i              Don't run mount helper
                -r              Read-only mount
                -w              Read-write mount (default)
                -t FSTYPE       Filesystem type
                -O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
        -o OPT:
                loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
                [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
                [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
                [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
                [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
                [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
                [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
                [no]suid        (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
                [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
                [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
                [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
                [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
                bind            Bind a file or directory to another location
                move            Relocate an existing mount point
                remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
                ro/rw           Same as -r/-w

        There are filesystem-specific -o flags.

    mountpoint
        mountpoint [-q] <[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE>

        Check if the directory is a mountpoint

        Options:

                -q      Quiet
                -d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
                -n      Print device name of the filesystem
                -x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice

    mv  mv [OPTIONS] SOURCE DEST or: mv [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DIRECTORY

        Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY

        Options:

                -f      Don't prompt before overwriting
                -i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite

    nc  nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p PORT] [-f FILE|IPADDR PORT] [-e PROG]

        Open a pipe to IP:PORT or FILE

        Options:

                -e PROG Run PROG after connect
                -l      Listen mode, for inbound connects
                        (use -l twice with -e for persistent server)
                -p PORT Local port
                -w SEC  Timeout for connect
                -i SEC  Delay interval for lines sent
                -f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network

    netstat
        netstat [-laentuwxrWp]

        Display networking information

        Options:

                -l      Display listening server sockets
                -a      Display all sockets (default: connected)
                -e      Display other/more information
                -n      Don't resolve names
                -t      Tcp sockets
                -u      Udp sockets
                -w      Raw sockets
                -x      Unix sockets
                -r      Display routing table
                -W      Display with no column truncation
                -p      Display PID/Program name for sockets

    nice
        nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]

        Change scheduling priority, run PROG

        Options:

                -n ADJUST       Adjust priority by ADJUST

    nohup
        nohup PROG ARGS

        Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

    nslookup
        nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]

        Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST optionally
        using a specified DNS server

    ntpd
        ntpd [-dnqwl] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...

        NTP client/server

        Options:

                -d      Verbose
                -n      Do not daemonize
                -q      Quit after clock is set
                -w      Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
                -l      Run as server on port 123
                -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
                -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)

    od  od [-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx] [FILE]

        Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of FILE
        (or stdin) to stdout

    passwd
        passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]

        Change USER's password. If no USER is specified, changes the
        password for the current user.

        Options:

                -a      Algorithm to use for password (des, md5)
                -d      Delete password for the account
                -l      Lock (disable) account
                -u      Unlock (re-enable) account

    patch
        patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]

                -p,--strip N    Strip N leading components from file names
                -i,--input DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
                -R,--reverse    Reverse patch
                -N,--forward    Ignore already applied patches
                --dry-run       Don't actually change files

    pgrep
        pgrep [-flnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]

        Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN

        Options:

                -l      Show command name too
                -f      Match against entire command line
                -n      Show the newest process only
                -o      Show the oldest process only
                -v      Negate the match
                -x      Match whole name (not substring)
                -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
                -P      Match parent process ID

    pidof
        pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...

        List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs

        Options:

                -s      Show only one PID
                -o PID  Omit given pid
                        Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent

    ping
        ping [OPTIONS] HOST

        Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts

        Options:

                -4, -6          Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
                -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
                -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
                -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
                -W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
                                (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
                -w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
                                (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
                -q              Quiet, only displays output at start
                                and when finished

    pkill
        pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]

        Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN

        Options:

                -l      List all signals
                -f      Match against entire command line
                -n      Signal the newest process only
                -o      Signal the oldest process only
                -v      Negate the match
                -x      Match whole name (not substring)
                -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
                -P      Match parent process ID

    poweroff
        poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Halt and shut off power

        Options:

                -d      Delay interval for halting
                -n      Do not sync
                -f      Force power off (don't go through init)

    printenv
        printenv [VARIABLE]...

        Print environment VARIABLEs. If no VARIABLE specified, print all.

    printf
        printf FORMAT [ARGUMENT]...

        Format and print ARGUMENT(s) according to FORMAT, where FORMAT
        controls the output exactly as in C printf

    ps  ps

        Show list of processes

        Options:

                w       Wide output

    pscan
        pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT]
        HOST

        Scan a host, print all open ports

        Options:

                -c      Show closed ports too
                -b      Show blocked ports too
                -p      Scan from this port (default 1)
                -P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
                -t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
                -T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)

    pwd pwd

        Print the full filename of the current working directory

    rdate
        rdate [-sp] HOST

        Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST

        Options:

                -s      Set the system date and time (default)
                -p      Print the date and time

    readahead
        readahead [FILE]...

        Preload FILEs to RAM

    readlink
        readlink [-fnv] FILE

        Display the value of a symlink

        Options:

                -f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
                -n      Don't add newline
                -v      Verbose

    readprofile
        readprofile [OPTIONS]

        Options:

                -m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
                -p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
                -M NUM          Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
                -i              Print only info about the sampling step
                -v              Verbose
                -a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
                -b              Print individual histogram-bin counts
                -s              Print individual counters within functions
                -r              Reset all the counters (root only)
                -n              Disable byte order auto-detection

    realpath
        realpath FILE...

        Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE

    reboot
        reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]

        Reboot the system

        Options:

                -d      Delay interval for rebooting
                -n      No call to sync()
                -f      Force reboot (don't go through init)

    renice
        renice {{-n INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]

        Change scheduling priority for a running process

        Options:

                -n      Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster)
                -p      Process id(s) (default)
                -g      Process group id(s)
                -u      Process user name(s) and/or id(s)

    reset
        reset

        Reset the screen

    resize
        resize

        Resize the screen

    rev rev [FILE]...

        Reverse lines of FILE

    rm  rm [OPTIONS] FILE...

        Remove (unlink) FILEs

        Options:

                -i      Always prompt before removing
                -f      Never prompt
                -R,-r   Recurse

    rmdir
        rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...

        Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty

        Options:

                -p|--parents    Include parents
                --ignore-fail-on-non-empty

    rmmod
        rmmod [OPTIONS] [MODULE]...

        Unload the specified kernel modules from the kernel

        Options:

                -w      Wait until the module is no longer used
                -f      Force unloading
                -a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)

    route
        route [{add|del|delete}]

        Edit kernel routing tables

        Options:

                -n      Don't resolve names
                -e      Display other/more information
                -A inet Select address family

    run-parts
        run-parts [-t] [-l] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY

        Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY

        Options:

                -t      Print what would be run, but don't actually run anything
                -a ARG  Pass ARG as argument for every program
                -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before running every program
                -l      Print names of all matching files even if they are not executable

    sed sed [-efinr] SED_CMD [FILE]...

        Options:

                -e CMD  Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
                -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
                -i      Edit files in-place (else sends result to stdout)
                -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
                -r      Use extended regex syntax

        If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command
        string. Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).

    seq seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST

        Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC. FIRST, INC
        default to 1.

        Options:

                -w      Pad to last with leading zeros
                -s SEP  String separator

    setconsole
        setconsole [-r|--reset] [DEVICE]

        Redirect system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty)

        Options:

                -r      Reset output to /dev/console

    setlogcons
        setlogcons N

        Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current)

    setsid
        setsid PROG ARGS

        Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
        and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc). See
        setsid(2) for details.

    sha1sum
        sha1sum [OPTIONS] [FILE]... or: sha1sum [OPTIONS] -c [FILE]

        Print or check SHA1 checksums

        Options:

                -c      Check sums against given list
                -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
                -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines

    sleep
        sleep [N]...

        Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each
        arg can have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or
        (d)ays

    sort
        sort [-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o FILE] [-k
        start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...

        Sort lines of text

        Options:

                -b      Ignore leading blanks
                -c      Check whether input is sorted
                -d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
                -f      Ignore case
                -g      General numerical sort
                -i      Ignore unprintable characters
                -k      Sort key
                -M      Sort month
                -n      Sort numbers
                -o      Output to file
                -k      Sort by key
                -t CHAR Key separator
                -r      Reverse sort order
                -s      Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
                -u      Suppress duplicate lines
                -z      Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
                -mST    Ignored for GNU compatibility

    split
        split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]

        Options:

                -b n[k|m]       Split by bytes
                -l n            Split by lines
                -a n            Use n letters as suffix

    start-stop-daemon
        start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]

        Search for matching processes, and then -K: stop all matching
        processes. -S: start a process unless a matching process is found.

        Process matching:

                -u,--user USERNAME|UID  Match only this user's processes
                -n,--name NAME          Match processes with NAME
                                        in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
                -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Match processes with this command
                                        in /proc/PID/cmdline
                -p,--pidfile FILE       Match a process with PID from the file
                All specified conditions must match
        -S only:
                -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Program to run
                -a,--startas NAME       Zeroth argument
                -b,--background         Background
                -N,--nicelevel N        Change nice level
                -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group
                -m,--make-pidfile       Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
        -K only:
                -s,--signal SIG         Signal to send
                -t,--test               Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
        Other:

                -o,--oknodo             Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
                -v,--verbose            Verbose
                -q,--quiet              Quiet

    stat
        stat [OPTIONS] FILE...

        Display file (default) or filesystem status

        Options:

                -f      Display filesystem status
                -L      Follow links
                -t      Display info in terse form

    strings
        strings [-afo] [-n LEN] [FILE]...

        Display printable strings in a binary file

        Options:

                -a      Scan whole file (default)
                -f      Precede strings with filenames
                -n LEN  At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
                -o      Precede strings with decimal offsets

    stty
        stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...

        Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline, and deviations
        from stty sane

        Options:

                -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
                -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form
                -g              Print in stty-readable form
                [SETTING]       See manpage

    su  su [OPTIONS] [-] [USERNAME]

        Change user id or become root

        Options:

                -p,-m   Preserve environment
                -c CMD  Command to pass to 'sh -c'
                -s SH   Shell to use instead of default shell

    sulogin
        sulogin [-t N] [TTY]

        Single user login

        Options:

                -t N    Timeout

    sum sum [-rs] [FILE]...

        Checksum and count the blocks in a file

        Options:

                -r      Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
                -s      Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)

    switch_root
        switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]

        Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:

        chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /, execute
        NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.

        Options:

                -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch

    sync
        sync

        Write all buffered blocks to disk

    sysctl
        sysctl [OPTIONS] [VALUE]...

        Configure kernel parameters at runtime

        Options:

                -n      Don't print key names
                -e      Don't warn about unknown keys
                -w      Change sysctl setting
                -p FILE Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
                -a      Display all values
                -A      Display all values in table form

    syslogd
        syslogd [OPTIONS]

        System logging utility. This version of syslogd ignores
        /etc/syslog.conf

        Options:

                -n              Run in foreground
                -O FILE         Log to given file (default:/var/log/messages)
                -l N            Set local log level
                -S              Smaller logging output
                -s SIZE         Max size (KB) before rotate (default:200KB, 0=off)
                -b N            N rotated logs to keep (default:1, max=99, 0=purge)
                -D              Drop duplicates

    tac tac [FILE]...

        Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse

    tail
        tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout. With more
        than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.

        Options:

                -f              Print data as file grows
                -s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
                -n N[kbm]       Print last N lines
                -c N[kbm]       Print last N bytes
                -q              Never print headers
                -v              Always print headers

        N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2). If N
        starts with a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start of
        each file, not from the end.

    tar tar -[cxtzjmvO] [-X FILE] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE]...

        Create, extract, or list files from a tar file

        Operation:

                c       Create
                x       Extract
                t       List
        Options:

                f       Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
                C       Change to DIR before operation
                v       Verbose
                z       (De)compress using gzip
                j       (De)compress using bzip2
                O       Extract to stdout
                h       Follow symlinks
                m       Don't restore mtime
                exclude File to exclude
                X       File with names to exclude
                T       File with names to include

    tcpsvd
        tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT
        PROG

        Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen for incoming
        connection. Run PROG for each connection.

                IP              IP to listen on. '0' = all
                PORT            Port to listen on
                PROG ARGS       Program to run
                -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
                -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
                -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
                -b N            Allow a backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs
                -C N[:MSG]      Allow only up to N connections from the same IP
                                New connections from this IP address are closed
                                immediately. MSG is written to the peer before close
                -h              Look up peer's hostname
                -E              Don't set up environment variables
                -v              Verbose

    tee tee [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout

        Options:

                -a      Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
                -i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)

    telnet
        telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]

        Connect to telnet server

        Options:

                -a      Automatic login with $USER variable
                -l USER Automatic login as USER

    telnetd
        telnetd [OPTIONS]

        Handle incoming telnet connections

        Options:

                -l LOGIN        Exec LOGIN on connect
                -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
                -K              Close connection as soon as login exits
                                (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
                -p PORT         Port to listen on
                -b ADDR[:PORT]  Address to bind to
                -F              Run in foreground
                -i              Inetd mode

    test
        test EXPRESSION ]

        Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code
        depending on logical value of EXPRESSION

    tftp
        tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]

        Transfer a file from/to tftp server

        Options:

                -l FILE Local FILE
                -r FILE Remote FILE
                -g      Get file
                -p      Put file
                -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets

    tftpd
        tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]

        Transfer a file on tftp client's request

        tftpd should be used as an inetd service. tftpd's line for
        inetd.conf: 69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd /files/to/serve It
        also can be ran from udpsvd:

                udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve

        Options:

                -r      Prohibit upload
                -c      Allow file creation via upload
                -u      Access files as USER

    time
        time [OPTIONS] PROG ARGS

        Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits

        Options:

                -v      Verbose

    top top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]

        Provide a view of process activity in real time. Read the status of
        all processes from /proc each SECONDS and display a screenful of
        them.

    touch
        touch [-c] [-d DATE] FILE [FILE]...

        Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]

        Options:

                -c      Don't create files
                -d DT   Date/time to use

    tr  tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]

        Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to
        stdout

        Options:

                -c      Take complement of STRING1
                -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
                -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character

    true
        true

        Return an exit code of TRUE (0)

    tty tty

        Print file name of stdin's terminal

    ttysize
        ttysize [w] [h]

        Print dimension(s) of stdin's terminal, on error return 80x25

    tune2fs
        tune2fs [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV

        Adjust filesystem options on ext[23] filesystems

    ubiattach
        ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] UBI_CTRL_DEV

        Attach MTD device to UBI

        Options:

                -m MTD_NUM      MTD device number to attach
                -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number to assign

    ubidetach
        ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV

        Detach MTD device from UBI

        Options:

                -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number

    udhcpc
        udhcpc [-fbnqvoCR] [-i IFACE] [-r IP] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE] [-H
        HOSTNAME] [-c CID] [-V VENDOR] [-O DHCP_OPT]...

                -i,--interface IFACE    Interface to use (default eth0)
                -p,--pidfile FILE       Create pidfile
                -r,--request IP         IP address to request
                -s,--script PROG        Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
                -t,--retries N          Send up to N discover packets
                -T,--timeout N          Pause between packets (default 3 seconds)
                -A,--tryagain N         Wait N seconds after failure (default 20)
                -f,--foreground         Run in foreground
                -b,--background         Background if lease is not obtained
                -S,--syslog             Log to syslog too
                -n,--now                Exit if lease is not obtained
                -q,--quit               Exit after obtaining lease
                -R,--release            Release IP on exit
                -a,--arping             Use arping to validate offered address
                -O,--request-option OPT Request DHCP option OPT (cumulative)
                -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
                -x OPT:VAL              Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
                -F,--fqdn NAME          Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
                -H,-h,--hostname NAME   Send NAME as client hostname (default none)
                -V,--vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
                -c,--clientid CLIENTID  Client identifier (default own MAC)
                -C,--clientid-none      Don't send client identifier

    udhcpd
        udhcpd [-fS] [configfile]

        DHCP server

                -f      Run in foreground
                -S      Log to syslog too

    udpsvd
        udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG

        Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait for incoming packets.
        Run PROG for each packet, redirecting all further packets with same
        peer ip:port to it.

                IP              IP to listen on. '0' = all
                PORT            Port to listen on
                PROG ARGS       Program to run
                -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
                -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
                -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
                -h              Look up peer's hostname
                -E              Don't set up environment variables
                -v              Verbose

    umount
        umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY

        Unmount file systems

        Options:

                -a      Unmount all file systems
                -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
                -l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
                -f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
                -d      Free loop device if it has been used

    uname
        uname [-amnrspv]

        Print system information

        Options:

                -a      Print all
                -m      The machine (hardware) type
                -n      Hostname
                -r      OS release
                -s      OS name (default)
                -p      Processor type
                -v      OS version

    uncompress
        uncompress [-cf] [FILE]...

        Decompress .Z file[s]

        Options:

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Overwrite

    unexpand
        unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...

        Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout

        Options:

                -a,--all        Convert all blanks
                -f,--first-only Convert only leading blanks
                -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars

    uniq
        uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]

        Discard duplicate lines

        Options:

                -c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
                -d      Only print duplicate lines
                -u      Only print unique lines
                -f N    Skip first N fields
                -s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
                -w N    Compare N characters in line

    unix2dos
        unix2dos [OPTIONS] [FILE]

        Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format. When no file is
        given, use stdin/stdout.

        Options:

                -u      dos2unix
                -d      unix2dos

    unxz
        unxz [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

        Options:

                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    unzip
        unzip [-opts[modifiers]] FILE[.zip] [LIST] [-x XLIST] [-d DIR]

        Extract files from ZIP archives

        Options:

                -l      List archive contents (with -q for short form)
                -n      Never overwrite files (default)
                -o      Overwrite
                -p      Send output to stdout
                -q      Quiet
                -x XLST Exclude these files
                -d DIR  Extract files into DIR

    uptime
        uptime

        Display the time since the last boot

    usleep
        usleep N

        Pause for N microseconds

    uudecode
        uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]

        Uudecode a file Finds outfile name in uuencoded source unless -o is
        given

    uuencode
        uuencode [-m] [INFILE] STORED_FILENAME

        Uuencode a file to stdout

        Options:

                -m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521

    vi  vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Edit FILE

        Options:

                -c      Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
                -R      Read-only
                -H      Short help regarding available features

    watch
        watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS

        Run PROG periodically

        Options:

                -n      Loop period in seconds (default 2)
                -t      Don't print header

    wc  wc [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Print line, word, and byte counts for each FILE (or stdin), and a
        total line if more than one FILE is specified

        Options:

                -c      Print the byte counts
                -l      Print the newline counts
                -L      Print the length of the longest line
                -w      Print the word counts

    wget
        wget [-c|--continue] [-s|--spider] [-q|--quiet]
        [-O|--output-document FILE] [--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy
        on/off] [-P DIR] [--no-check-certificate] [-U|--user-agent AGENT]
        URL

        Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP

        Options:

                -s      Spider mode - only check file existence
                -c      Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
                -q      Quiet
                -P      Set directory prefix to DIR
                -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
                -U STR  Use STR for User-Agent header
                -Y      Use proxy ('on' or 'off')

    which
        which [COMMAND]...

        Locate a COMMAND

    who who [-a]

        Show who is logged on

        Options:

                -a      Show all

    whoami
        whoami

        Print the user name associated with the current effective user id

    xargs
        xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]

        Run PROG on every item given by stdin

        Options:

                -p      Ask user whether to run each command
                -r      Don't run command if input is empty
                -0      Input is separated by NUL characters
                -t      Print the command on stderr before execution
                -e[STR] STR stops input processing
                -n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
                -s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
                -x      Exit if size is exceeded

    xz  xz -d [OPTIONS] [FILE]...

        Decompress FILE (or stdin)

        Options:

                -d      Decompress
                -c      Write to stdout
                -f      Force

    xzcat
        xzcat FILE

        Decompress to stdout

    yes yes [STRING]

        Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'

    zcat
        zcat FILE

        Decompress to stdout

LIBC NSS
    GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the
    behavior of the C library for the local environment, and to configure
    how it reads system data, such as passwords and group information. This
    is implemented using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using
    one or more of the /lib/libnss_* libraries. BusyBox tries to avoid using
    any libc calls that make use of NSS. Some applets however, such as login
    and su, will use libc functions that require NSS.

    If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions
    to directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files
    without using NSS. This may allow you to run your system without the
    need for installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.

    When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly
    require that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in
    particular, /etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*,
    and /lib/libresolv*).

    Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as
    uClibc. In addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc
    does not require the use of any NSS support files or libraries.

MAINTAINER
    Denis Vlasenko <vda.linux@googlemail.com>

AUTHORS
    The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know
    it or not. If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should
    probably be listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory. If
    you should be listed here, or the description of what you have done
    needs more detail, or is incorrect, please send in an update.

    Emanuele Aina <emanuele.aina@tiscali.it> run-parts

    Erik Andersen <andersen@codepoet.org>

        Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
        core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
        Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
        nobody is going to actually read.

    Laurence Anderson <l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk>

        rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm

    Jeff Angielski <jeff@theptrgroup.com>

        ftpput, ftpget

    Edward Betts <edward@debian.org>

        expr, hostid, logname, whoami

    John Beppu <beppu@codepoet.org>

        du, nslookup, sort

    Brian Candler <B.Candler@pobox.com>

        tiny-ls(ls)

    Randolph Chung <tausq@debian.org>

        fbset, ping, hostname

    Dave Cinege <dcinege@psychosis.com>

        more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
        various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance

    Jordan Crouse <jordan@cosmicpenguin.net>

        ipcalc

    Magnus Damm <damm@opensource.se>

        tftp client insmod powerpc support

    Larry Doolittle <ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov>

        pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.

    Glenn Engel <glenne@engel.org>

        httpd

    Gennady Feldman <gfeldman@gena01.com>

        Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
        logread), various fixes.

    Karl M. Hegbloom <karlheg@debian.org>

        cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &c.

    Daniel Jacobowitz <dan@debian.org>

        mktemp.c

    Matt Kraai <kraai@alumni.cmu.edu>

        documentation, bugfixes, test suite

    Stephan Linz <linz@li-pro.net>

        ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence

    John Lombardo <john@deltanet.com>

        tr

    Glenn McGrath <bug1@iinet.net.au>

        Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
        nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
        Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.

    Manuel Novoa III <mjn3@codepoet.org>

        cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
        mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
        get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines

        also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
        ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
        mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
        interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route

    Vladimir Oleynik <dzo@simtreas.ru>

        cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
        ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
        locale, various fixes
        and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.

    Bruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>

        Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
        still be found hiding here and there...

    Tim Riker <Tim@Rikers.org>

        bug fixes, member of fan club

    Kent Robotti <robotti@metconnect.com>

        reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.

    Chip Rosenthal <chip@unicom.com>, <crosenth@covad.com>

        wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications

    Pavel Roskin <proski@gnu.org>

        Lots of bugs fixes and patches.

    Gyepi Sam <gyepi@praxis-sw.com>

        Remote logging feature for syslogd

    Linus Torvalds <torvalds@transmeta.com>

        mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix

    Mark Whitley <markw@codepoet.org>

        grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
        style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.

    Charles P. Wright <cpwright@villagenet.com>

        gzip, mini-netcat(nc)

    Enrique Zanardi <ezanardi@ull.es>

        tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance

    Tito Ragusa <farmatito@tiscali.it>

        devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.

